Analysis of Vitamin D nutritional status and influencing factors of age, gender, and season in healthy children aged 0-3 years
0-3岁健康儿童维生素D营养状况及年龄、性别、季节影响因素分析

摘要

目的 明确0-3岁健康儿童维生素D营养状况，探讨年龄、性别、季节对其维生素D水平的影响，为儿童维生素D精准营养干预提供科学依据。方法 回顾性选取2022年1月-2025年12月在我院儿童保健门诊常规体检的12373例0-3岁健康儿童为研究对象，采集指尖末梢血，采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测血清25-羟维生素D[25-(OH)D]水平（单位：ng/mL），按年龄（0～1岁、1～2岁、2～3岁）、性别（男、女）及季节（春季1-3月、夏季4-6月、秋季7-9月、冬季10-12月）分层，以25-(OH)D<20ng/mL为不足标准，分析不同分层下的维生素D营养状况差异。结果 12373例儿童维生素D均值为40.87ng/mL，不足2360例（19.07%）。年龄分层中，0～1岁儿童维生素D均值最高（44.59ng/mL）、不足率最低（16.03%），2～3岁儿童均值最低（36.54ng/mL）、不足率最高（25.73%），随年龄增长均值逐渐下降、不足率逐渐升高（P<0.05）。性别分层中，女性儿童维生素D不足率（26.18%）显著高于男性（15.18%）（P<0.05）。季节分层中，冬季儿童维生素D不足率最高（24.22%），夏季最低（16.10%）（P<0.05）。结论 0-3岁健康儿童维生素D不足率达19.07%，年龄、性别、季节均为重要影响因素，2～3岁儿童、女性儿童及冬季检测儿童是维生素D不足的高危人群，需针对性开展营养干预。

Abstract

Objective To clarify the vitamin D nutritional status of healthy children aged 0-3 years, explore the influence of age, gender, and season on their vitamin D levels, and provide a scientific basis for precise nutritional intervention of vitamin D in children.
Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 12,373 cases of healthy children aged 0-3 years who underwent routine physical examination in the child health care clinic of our hospital from January 2022 to December 2025. Capillary blood samples were collected, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH)D] levels (unit: ng/ml) were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The children were stratified by age (0-1 years, 1-2 years, 2-3 years), gender (male, female), and season (spring: January-March, summer: April-June, autumn: July-September, winter: October-December). Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25-(OH)D < 20 ng/ml. The differences in vitamin D nutritional status across different strata were analyzed.
Results The mean vitamin D level in 12,373 children was 40.87 ng/ml, with 2,360 cases (19.07%) showing deficiency. In age stratification, children aged 0-1 years had the highest mean vitamin D level (44.59 ng/ml) and lowest deficiency rate (16.03%), while those aged 2-3 years had the lowest mean (36.54 ng/ml) and highest deficiency rate (25.73%). The mean vitamin D level decreased and the deficiency rate increased with age (P < 0.05). In gender stratification, the deficiency rate in female children (26.18%) was significantly higher than that in male children (15.18%) (P < 0.05). In seasonal stratification, the deficiency rate was highest in winter (24.22%) and lowest in summer (16.10%) (P < 0.05).
Conclusion   The vitamin D deficiency rate in healthy children aged 0-3 years is 19.07%. Age, gender, and season are important influencing factors. Children aged 2-3 years, female children, and those examined in winter are high-risk groups for vitamin D deficiency, requiring targeted nutritional intervention.