摘要
研究背景 在人道主义紧急情况下，如自然灾害、战争和全球疫情，护理人员承担着至关重要的职责。随着全球危机频发，护理在紧急救援中的角色愈发受到关注。尽管已有大量研究探讨了护理在此类情况下的作用，但关于护理领导力、伦理决策、非传染性疾病管理和护理人员培训的系统综述仍较为匮乏。因此，本研究旨在填补这些领域的研究空白，为应对未来的紧急情况提供更为全面的护理策略。研究目的 本综述的主要目的是深入探讨护理人员在应对人道主义紧急情况中的角色、面临的挑战以及应对策略。通过分析护理人员在急救、创伤护理、公共卫生干预和心理支持中的作用，本研究力图明确护理领导力在危机管理中的实践价值，以及护理伦理在资源分配和跨文化护理中的重要性。研究还旨在评估非传染性疾病管理中的护理作用，并探讨如何通过培训和国际合作提高护理人员的应急准备水平。研究方法 采用系统性文献综述方法，本研究筛选并分析了相关领域的关键研究文献，并结合实际案例和数据进行了深入分析。通过对现有研究的比较与综合，本综述探讨了护理人员在紧急情况下的具体作用，并结合实际案例和数据，提出了相关的策略建议。同时，研究还通过案例分析和数据比较，探讨了不同护理领导力模型、伦理决策模式及跨文化护理实践的适用性和局限性。结果和发现 研究结果表明，护理人员在紧急情况下的角色不仅涉及直接的医疗护理，还包括领导、协调和伦理决策等多个层面。研究结果表明，通过参与高仿真模拟训练和国际标准化培训，护理人员的应急反应能力和专业技能得到了显著提升，这在多次实际紧急救援中得到了验证。此外，研究还发现，护理人员在非传染性疾病管理中的作用不可忽视，通过社区护理和跨部门协作，他们在灾后恢复中发挥了关键作用。伦理决策和跨文化护理中，护理人员展现出极高的文化敏感性和道德判断力，为患者提供了更加人性化的护理。结论 本研究总结了护理人员在人道主义紧急情况下的多重角色及其面临的挑战，并提出了加强护理人员培训、促进国际合作以及提升伦理决策能力的建议。未来的研究应继续关注护理在全球紧急情况中的作用，并探讨如何进一步提高护理实践的有效性和适应性，以应对日益复杂的全球健康挑战。
关键词： 人道主义护理；应急救援；护理领导力；非传染性疾病管理；护理伦理
Abstract
Background of the Study: In humanitarian emergencies, such as natural disasters, wars, and global epidemics, caregivers assume a crucial role. With the frequency of global crises, the role of nursing in emergency response has come under increasing scrutiny. Although a large number of studies have explored the role of nursing in such situations, systematic reviews on nursing leadership, ethical decision-making, non-communicable disease (NCD) management, and caregiver training are still scarce. Therefore, this study aims to fill the research gaps in these areas and provide more comprehensive care strategies for responding to future emergencies. Study Objective: The main objective of this review was to provide insights into the roles, challenges, and coping strategies of caregivers in responding to humanitarian emergencies. By analysing the role of caregivers in first aid, trauma care, public health interventions, and psychosocial support, this study seeks to clarify the practical value of nursing leadership in crisis management and the importance of nursing ethics in resource allocation and cross-cultural care. The study also aimed to assess the role of nursing in the management of non-communicable diseases and to explore ways to improve the level of emergency preparedness of nursing staff through training and international co-operation. Research Methodology: Using a systematic literature review approach, this study screened and analysed key research literature in the relevant fields and provided in-depth analyses with real-life cases and data. By comparing and synthesising existing studies, this review explores the specific role of caregivers in emergencies, and proposes relevant strategic recommendations in the light of actual cases and data. The study also explores the applicability and limitations of different nursing leadership models, ethical decision-making models, and transcultural nursing practice through case studies and data comparisons. Results and Findings: The results of the study suggest that the role of caregivers in emergency situations involves not only direct medical care, but also multiple dimensions of leadership, coordination, and ethical decision-making. The results of the study showed that by participating in high-fidelity simulation training and international standardised training, the emergency response and professional skills of caregivers were significantly improved, which was verified in a number of actual emergency situations. In addition, the study found that the role of caregivers in NCD management could not be ignored, and that they played a key role in post-disaster recovery through community-based care and cross-sectoral collaboration. In ethical decision-making and cross-cultural care, caregivers demonstrated great cultural sensitivity and moral judgement, providing more humane care to patients. Conclusion : This study summarises the multiple roles of caregivers and the challenges they face in humanitarian emergencies, and makes recommendations to enhance caregiver training, promote international cooperation, and improve ethical decision-making. Future research should continue to focus on the role of nursing in global emergencies and explore ways to further improve the effectiveness and adaptability of nursing practice to meet increasingly complex global health challenges.
Key words： Humanitarian Nursing; Emergency Response; Nursing Leadership; Non-Communicable Disease Management; Nursing Ethics
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